Favorite Place Orlando Florida

Orlando, Florida The best place for vacation Orlando, Florida. Orlando is one of the most busy tourist locations in Florida, maybe even busier than the Miami beaches. This is because Orlando has many locations for all kinds of people, whether they are children, or adults. Orlando has many theme parks located on its famous strip, including Disneyworld, Wet n' Wild, Universal Studios, Ripley's Believe it or Not House. Sea World, and a host of other tourist locations. And out of all these places, the most interesting place to be at is Disneyworld. Many people think that Disneyworld is a place for children. This cannot be farther from the truth. Even though Disneyworld is designed for children and families, many adults can have a fun time there. Disneyworld is one of the biggest and most visited amusement parks in the world. The disneyworld in Orlando is also known as The Magic Kingdom and this is the best name for the place. Once you enter Disneyworld, you do enter into a magic kingdom. It is of no surprise that many adults have found Disneyworld to be an extremely entertaining. Even though most of the rides are meant for the children, the adults can take pleasure in being inside an architectural piece of wonderland. The Magic Kingdom is divided into many areas, and one of the most prominent, the area that comes in as soon as you enter the Magic Kingdom is the Main Street, usa. This street is made up of various architectural styles from the various states of usa, with much of the style being influence by Missouri and New England. The buildings on Main Street are built in such a way that they seem to be bigger than they actually are; the second story is smaller than the first, and the third smaller than the second is, giving the buildings a larger-than-life image. At the end of the Main Street is Cinderella's Castle, which is the trademark of the magic k ingdom. You really have to see it to appreciate its magical realm. The rest of the area is divided into different lands, such as the Frontier Land, the Adventure Land, the Land of Tomorrow, Liberty Square, and Fantasy Land. Adventureland is a paradise for children and a treat for the adults. It is made up of various foreign lands that represent the jungles of Africa, Asia, and South America. A make-belief Caribbean town square has also been built into this area to give a tropical feel to the area. This area has rides such as the Pirates of the Caribbean, Swiss Family Robinson Treehouse, and the Jungle. Cruise. Frontierland has been built in the place of the Wild West and the Rivers of America. This place has the looks of Rocky Mountains and railroads as it hosts rides such as the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, Splash Mountain, and Tom Sawyer Island. Another area that is more popular for the children is Fantasyland. This is a colorful array of architecture that works together to represent the fantasyland of the children's minds. Includes rides such as Dumbo the Flying Elephant, Snow White's Scary Adventures, Cinderella's Golden Carrousel, and Mad Tea Party. Even though most of the rides and entertainment present inside the Magic Kingdom is meant for the kids, this does not mean that adults cannot enjoy them. The Magic Kingdom offers many packages and incentives for young couples to visit and there are more than a few freshly married people who have visited the Magic Kingdom for their honeymoon. Overall, the Magic Kingdom in Disneyworld, Orlando, Florida is a place for people of all ages and for all nationalities. It is a place one must visit at least once in their lifetime.

John’s Termination Essay

This paper is about Mr. John who has been terminated by his boss and the reason behind this termination was the unsatisfactory standard of work that he did. This was really surprising for John as no one had ever objected about the work he did and so he was taken aback when he came to know about the termination. However, it was not entirely the fault of John as he had never been corrected before due to which he did not know about his mistakes. It is always wise for the management to opt for certain steps prior to the termination and even after the termination as it can have adverse affects on the other employees working in the organization. Before terminating John, it was the duty of the management to inform and to warn him about his performance at work as it is not ethical to terminate him in this way. Since the time an employee is hired, it is the responsibility of the human resource department of an organization to look after the employees. Firstly, they must conduct an effective recruitment process and securitizing of employees should be done carefully so that the employee is able to meet the expectations of the job. Once the employee is hired, proper training must be provided, however still if any employee is not capable he should first be warned and should be asked to improve but if he does not show any progress, he must be transferred to some other department or must be given some other job that suits his qualification and experience as termination should always be the last option for the management to opt for. The reason behind this is that termination always leaves a negative impact not just on the employee who has been terminated but on the existing employees as well as they might fear that even they can also be terminated in future. (Leat, 2001).

Introduction to HIV/AIDS

Introduction to HIV/AIDS NAMES OF MEMBERS K.J. TIKISO M.J. MOHOLOHOLO M.R. MATUKA J,M. MOHOLO M.O. MLOTUMI HIV and AIDS outline (Foreword): HIV and AIDs is the most threatening disease which everyone on this planet earth is scared to contact the virus, simply because there is no medication found to cure the virus yet. The disease leaves most of the children without parents and some instances with single parents. An unfortunate part about the disease is that some of the health workers don’t have choice to when it comes to which patients they can treat, e.g. Hospital workers and Emergency Service workers. The aim of these projects set as and educational (awareness) tool, identify methods of counselling and support services in the emergency medical service environment. Glossary of terms AIDS- Stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome which means the body loses its ability to fight infections; HIV weakens the immune system Anal intercourse -Penetration of the anus of a man or female Antibody- A specific protein made by a person’s white blood cells to fight a disease; for example, antibodies are produced against the different kinds of colds, flu and HIV. Anus- Opening at back of body through which waste matter is AZT A – drug that attacks the HIV/AIDS virus and slows down the disease. Blood transfusion receiving blood after a major accident or certain operations. Carrier – Someone who is infected with HIV/AIDS. Condom- A contraceptive usually made of thin latex rubber and worn on an erect penis; condoms greatly reduce the chances of both males and females catching sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS Confidential- Information that must not be told to others. Counselling- Talking to someone about their concerns and helping them deal with their problems; pre-test counselling involves talking to someone and explaining the consequences if the result is positive. Counsellor – Someone who listens to your p roblems and gives you advice. Co-workers- Means people you work with. Diarrhoea- Upset (runny) stomach Discharge- Pus or moisture that oozes from an infected area. Discrimination- Treating people unfairly or differently from yourself based on prejudice. Donating blood- Giving blood to be used in medical emergencies. Epidemic – A disease that spreads fast from one person to another person. Expiry date- Date limited for something to be used for certain period. False negative- Is a blood test for HIV that does not clearly show the presence of HIV in a particular person with HIV; this may happen if the test is done before the person has developed antibodies that will show up in a test. False positive- A blood test for HIV that shows the presence of HIV in a person who does not have HIV; this happens when the test finds antibodies to another organism. Female condom – A contraceptive usually made of thin latex rubber and worn inside the vagina; to reduce the chances of both males and females catching sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. Germ- Tiny, living things that may bring illness. HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Criminal Activity and Education in The UK Statistics Project

Criminal Activity and Education in The UK - Statistics Project Example From the essay it is clear that that tougher prison sentences reduce crime, particularly burglary. According to the Guardian, research suggests an increase in sentence length for serious offenders can cut burglaries. A research paper on Male unemployment and crimes in England and Wales by Carmichael & Ward indicated that there is a systematic positive relationship between most crime and male unemployment regardless of age. Their results indicated that both the youth and adult male unemployment rates are consistently and significantly positively related to burglary, theft, fraud and forgery and total crime. According to Machin, Marie & Vujić, crime is significantly related to education, especially in the case of property crimes. They find that criminal activity is negatively associated with higher levels of education. Machin, et al research suggests that improving education can yield significant social benefits and can be a key policy tool in the drive to reduce crime. There are m any diagrams in the report which shows that the correlation coefficient value of -0.011 indicates no linear relationship between burglary rate and % of crimes solved. The correlation coefficient value of -0.149 indicates very weak negative linear relationship between burglary rate and average sentence length. The correlation coefficient value of 0.599 indicates strong positive linear relationship between burglary rate and male unemployment rate.

Personal consumption journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal consumption journal - Essay Example Reason for purchase: Where I work, I am quite limited to what I can buy to eat depending on the day. On days when I am alone in the office, I cannot leave the office premises to buy food. In this case therefore, I am limited to restaurants that deliver fast foods. This has proven to be extremely expensive, therefore, I try no to do it very often. The meal consisted of chow mien, and 2 entrays with soup. I choose this because it was the most appropriate for the money that I had at the moment. I could also eat half of the meal then half later. Reason for purchase: I really needed the face wash. I have always loved the Nivea brand for its high quality products. I was more inclined to purchasing the face wash as it was cheaper by 1$ and I thought I would save this dollar for other reasons especially buying lunch. I would have selected Olay Essentials Refreshing Face Wash which is cheaper and went at 3.9$, but Nivea fulfils my need. Reason for purchase: I purchased this product as it was two dollars cheaper. In as much I do not like the brand, I like the fact that it is cheaper, and it will serve the purpose (Lecture notes, 2014). It is on very rare occasions that I get the chance to save this much. I would have preferred L’Oreal though for its good quality. Reason for purchase: From the response from my cat, I can easily tell that Fancy Feast Cat Food is delicious. I also purchased this product as it contains a combination of ingredients that have shown good results on my cat’s wellbeing. The product is better than Delta Pet which did mot yield good results with my cat. Reason for purchase: I purchased this item as I wanted to add something to my wardrobe. It has been a while since I purchased something new. I was also more motivated in making this purchase as the item was cheaper and would me increase my savings (Lecture notes, 2014). Reason for purchase: My week

Company Law coursewrok 2009-10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company Law coursewrok 2009-10 - Essay Example The constitution of the company, i.e. its memorandum and articles of association, govern the way in which these relationships operate and has been referred to as a contract between the members, i.e. the shareholders and the company itself. In this paper, concerns that had previously been raised in relation to section 14 of the Companies Act 1985 are discussed and considered in the context of the new arrangements brought in by section 33 of the Companies Act 2006. In order to discuss these issues, the position under section 14 will first be considered along with relevant case law, before moving on to consider section 33 and the way in which this changes the contractual relationships between the relevant entities. Closed companies present particular difficulties in this regard, due to the fact that control of the company is held either by five or fewer people or where all shareholders are also directors. Although it is recognised that a director is different in terms of entity to a shareholder when the same people undertake both roles, it is simply not practical to deal with the contractual relationship between the company, the members and the directors. Throughout this paper, the focus is on the difficulties, both historically and currently, in relation to the contract between the shareholders and the company where the company is a closed company of the nature described above. As noted by Professor Rajak1, ‘The [s.14 Companies Act 1985] contract between the company and the shareholders gives rise to mutual rights and obligations, but these lie in favour of and against the shareholder in his capacity as a member of the company’. This suggests that, although the concept underlying section 14 is relatively clear, it is not always going to be practically obvious and this has been evident in the way that the court has handled issues of the contractual relationship laid out by the constitution, particularly in relation to closed companies. In accordance with

Cultural Competence and Diversity Research Paper

Cultural Competence and Diversity - Research Paper Example The paper also throws light how minority groups are crushed and intimidated at the hands of majority groups. The attitude of professionals while dealing with the problem of bias has also been discussed in the paper. The Paper The term cultural competence simply refers to the ability of the individuals to skillfully interact with their social environment by penetrating into the culture and adopting its patterns in one way or the other without taking the prejudiced behavior into account on the basis of cultural diversity prevailing in society. It is a reality beyond suspicion that the contemporary world has witnessed tremendous alterations in the social establishment, where the people belonging to divergent racial, ethnic, religious and geographical backgrounds reside and work under one and the same environment, and render their services to the institutions, firms and organizations. The presence of different communities requires exercising strict and comprehensive tolerance towards the staff members and colleagues for surviving and growing in profession. Consequently, cultural competence demands the condemnation of the prejudiced behavior of the biased stratum of society in order to serve the people without discrimination. Cultural competence is emerging as a key factor in leadership and professional life. From police officers patrolling the streets, teachers in the classroom and doctors in hospital wards to managers, working in virtual project teams and leaders planning a strategy of international expansion and the need to recognize different attitudes and expectations is an increasingly important aspect of personal effectiveness and organizational success. (Diversity Gains, 2010) Since, every reputed organization requires and hires the services of the professionals, without which there remains no possibility of sticking to one specific race only; nor the individuals can make achievements in life while working for the companies belonging to their own community. The same is applied to the professionals while dealing with the customers and clients of the groups other than one’s own. Hence, swift climbing on the career ladder vehemently requires serving all members of society without discrimination of caste, class, clan, community, race, region, religion, gender, sexual orientation and socioeconomic status. It is particularly the case in the teaching and medical professions. Researches vehemently support the very idea that the companies and individuals having least prejudice and more broad-mindedness are far more successful in social arena in comparison to the groups that observe narrow-sightedness in their behavior while dealing the communities and groups other than that one is following. The same is the case with the societies, where the liberal societies earn sound reputation and respect in social structure and establishment by earning huge amount of profit because of the combined efforts made by the people belonging to diversified groups and cultural backgrounds. On the contrary, the societies relying upon one specific group start lagging far behind than others in the race of progress and prosperity. There was a time when the US society had racially segregated schools, where the blacks and white teachers used to teach the students belonging to their community. Somehow, the second half of twentieth century introduced several reforms in the US society; abolishing of the segregated

LSTD206 Capstone Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LSTD206 Capstone Paper - Essay Example This informs the basis of the establishment of sound client-relations policies, which do not only serve as the basis of informing how a firm relates with its clients, but also as a marketing tool for the firm, since good client experience is a recipe for increased customer base for a firm (Brink & Berndt, 2008). Therefore, this discussion seeks to establish the client-relations policies that a legal firm should establish to enhance its client relationship as well as its marketing, communication, advertising, confidentiality and conflict of interest handling. This discussion is important for a legal firm, since it creates insights into the relevant strategies that such firms should apply to enhance a productive relationship with the clients, and thus be able to maintain a secured client base, in the face of the ever increasing competition. Discussion Client reception is the core of productive client-relations policies formulation, considering that it is the reception that clients get when they first visit a firm that determines their first impression of the firm, and the consequent future interactions with the firm (Silk, 2012). This being the case, it is therefore significant to ensure that the receptionists and the customer relationship officers within a firm follows certain guidelines that enhances a positive and productive relationship with the client, which enable the firm to project a positive image to the clients, and thus attract them for further visits and interactions. Thus, courtesy and helpfulness is the basis of the customer relationship policy, where the receptionists and the customer relationship officers address the clients with respect and integrity, while offering the essential help that a client could require (Knackstedt, 2008). While being courteous, respectful and helpful serves to enable the client feel comfortable within the firm and feel valued and appreciated as a stakeholder to the firm, it plays the vital role of enticing the customer to make repeat visits. Thus, courteousness, helpfulness and respectfulness serves both as a client recognition and appreciation strategies, as well as firm marketing strategies that encourages further business. Confidentiality is paramount in the legal relationship business, considering that the relationship between a client and a legal firm entails the discussion of sensitive personal, business or family matters, which should not be introduced to the public domain (Nollkamper, 2008). Thus, a confidentiality policy is vital within a legal firm, to ensure that the relationship between a client and the firm, and the issues discussed between them remains between the two parties, and can only be disclosed whenever it is necessary, may be in a court of law. Through implementing the confidentiality policy, a firm is able to ensure that the customer feels comfortable while dealing with the firm, through the knowledge that the personal and confidential information shared with the firm will remain as such, without any risk of unnecessary exposure (Silk, 2012). Client communications and legal advice is yet another aspect that requires that a policy guideline is established to safeguard the relationship. The policy applicable under this concept

Successful Electronic Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Successful Electronic Communication - Essay Example In the report I will acknowledge your contributions, and I will send you a copy of the completed report if you wish. I am writing you with the hope that you could provide me with information on the Glucoscan II blood glucose monitoring system. A representative at Lifescan informed me that your clinic is currently using this system. I became aware of this new device through an announcement discovered through an Internet source. The Boston Diabetes Center was listed as a test center for the Glucoscan II and you were listed as the contact. After discovering an advertisement from Lifescan in the January 19XX issue of Diabetes Forecast, I became interested in pursuing more information about the device for a report that I am writing for a technical writing class at Muskeegee University. I have written the company and received a great deal of useful information, however it was recommended to me that I write several current users of the system from whom I can obtain first hand knowledge of use of the system. I would be very grateful if you could answer the following questions for me: A representative from Lifescan has indicated that your clinic is one of the leaders in implementing new technology for diabetics and I am therefore eager to hear about your experiences with this device. In the report I would like your permission to acknowledge your contribution and I will forward a copy of the completed report if you wish. In the process of writing an e-mail, it is important to remember that the communication should still adhere to practices of good grammar and polished writing. The e-mail that has been used as an example was written with good form. The example message of this paper uses a good form for the basic structure of the communication. However, the message itself was not clear to the reader. The first impression of an e-mail is found in the subject line. The original subject line reads â€Å"Request for diabetes information†, which is not

Book Report on Roy Black Black's Law (NewY ork Touchtone, 1999) Essay

Book Report on Roy Black Black's Law (NewY ork Touchtone, 1999) - Essay Example In the book we read about Miami police officer Luis Alvarez, who lethally shot a twenty year old black man inside a video arcade, instigating three days of rioting that left two people dead. Roy Black got him off. Then there is Fred De La Mata & Steve Hicks. Hicks shot his girlfriend to death, leaving her body in a car in a bank parking lot and then he lied to police four times before claiming it was an accident. Even after all that Roy Black got him off. There is also the case of Thomas Knight, who can aptly be described as our worst nightmare come together. Roy Black got his death sentence vacated. The Alvarez case is the best one in Black's Law, not every story turns out to be a cliff-hanger, but for the most part the book proves a compelling read and probably just as compelling as he is in the courtroom. Black's definitely a better lawyer than an author, but he's truly not a novice in the literary world, either. Black begins the Alvarez story with a touch of a thriller, as he was driving along Interstate 95 on the night of the shooting, when he zoomed past the area where people were rioting. "Too close for comfort," he writes. Roy's job as a defense lawyer can most simply put entail offering a plausible scenario, and he does it brilliantly. He manages to get the jury he wants for the Alvarez trial by asking potential jurors if they had ever faced death. Another interesting aspect is Roy's intense grilling of the detective who took Alvarez's statement after the shooting which turns out to be a turning point in the case. Nevertheless the most dramatic moment is when Alvarez himself takes the stand. The cases of Fred De La Mata and Steve Hicks are less earth-shattering but have their own entertainment value. Black defended De La Mata, a banker accused of money laundering by individually grilling all witnesses against him who as it turns out had ample reason to lie. Hicks on the other hand was a bartender accused of murdering his girlfriend, Betsy Turner. The state thought they had a strong case because after the shooting, Hicks drove the dying Turner to a bank and left her there, then called the police to report her missing. Black argued that the shooting itself was an accident and that Hicks hade panicked. It is in the case that we realize that one of Roy's many gifts is his ability to explain the unexplainable, to make jurors believe anything. Then finally there is the story of Thomas Knight, who kidnapped his boss and his wife after which he forced them to withdraw $50,000 in cash from their bank, after which he drove them to a field and shot them both in the back of the neck. Knight was on death row a few days from execution when Black took over his case. Still, the story is worthless not purely because Knight is an unsympathetic character but because the appeals court vacated the death sentence for reasons that had little to do with Black's argument. Black should have found a more interesting story to wrap up his book. The book paints a realistic picture of the life of a criminal defense attorney. Each case starts off with basic info on the client and ends with a review of the defendant's present position. The book is well written but more then once Black portrays his

Project on Budgetary Control Essay Example for Free

Project on Budgetary Control Essay 1. A budget is concerned for a definite future period. 2. A budget is a written document. 3. A budget is a detailed plan of all the economic activities of a business. 4. All the departments of a business unit co-operate for the preparation of a business budget. 5. Budget is a mean to achieve business and it is not an end in itself. 6. Budget needs to be updated, corrected and controlled every time when circumstances changes. Therefore it is a continuous process. 7. Budget helps in planning, coordination and control. 8. Different types of budgets are prepared by industries according to business requirements. 9. A budget acts a business barometer. 10. Budget is usually prepared in the light of Past Experience. 11. Budget is a constant endeavor of the Management. 2 PREPARATION OF BUDGETS 1. Definition of objectives: A budget being a plan for the achievement of certain operational objectives, it is desirable that the same are defined precisely. The objectives should be written out; the areas of control demarcated; and items of revenue and expenditure to be covered by the budget stated. This will give a clear understanding of the plan and its scope to all those who must cooperate to make it a success. 2. Location of the key (or budget) factor: There is usually one factor (sometimes there may be more than one) which sets a limit to the total activity. For instance, in India today sometimes non-availability of power does not allow production to increase inspite of heavy demand. Similarly, lack of demand may limit production. Such a factor is known as key factor. For proper budgeting, it must be located and estimated properly. 3. Appointment of controller: Formulation of a budget usually requires whole time services of a senior executive; he must be assisted in this work by a Budget Committee, consisting of all the heads of department along with the Managing Director as the Chairman. The Controller is responsible for co-ordinating and development of budget programmes and preparing the manual of instruction, known as Budget manual. The Budget manual is a schedule, document or booklet which shows, in written forms the budgeting organisation and procedures. The manual should be well written and indexed so that a copy thereof may be given to each departmental head for guidance. 3 4. Budget period: The period covered by a budget is known as budget period. There is no general rule governing the selection of the budget period. In practice the Budget Committee determines the length of the budget period suitable for the business. Normally, a calendar year or a period coterminous with the financial year is adopted. The budget period is then sub-divided into shorter periods—it may be months or quarters or such periods as coincide with period of trading activity. 5. Standard of activity or output: For preparing budgets for the future, past statistics cannot be completely relied upon, for the past usually represents a combination of good and bad factors. Therefore, though results of the past should be studied but these should only be applied when there is a likelihood of similar conditions repeating in the future. Also, while setting the targets for the future, it must be remembered that in a progressive business, the achievement of a year must exceed those of earlier years. Therefore what was good in the past is only fair for the current year. In budgeting, fixing the budget of sales and of capital expenditure are most important since these budgets determine the extent of development activity. For budgeting sales, one must consider the trend of economic activity of the country, reactions of salesmen, customers and employees, effect of price changes on sales, the provision for advertisement campaign plan capacity etc. 4 Meaning of Budgetary Control: The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England and Wales has defined the terms ‘budgetary control’ as â€Å"Budgetary control is the establishment of budgets relating to the responsibilities of executives of a policy and the continuous comparison of the actual with the budgeted results, either to secure by individual action the objective of the policy or to provide a basis for its revision.† It is the system of management control and accounting in which all the operations are forecasted and planned in advance to the extent possible and the actual results compared with the forecasted and planned ones. Budgetary Control Involves: 1. Establishment of budgets 2. Continuous comparison of actuals with budgets for achievement of targets 3. Revision of budgets after considering changed circumstances 4. Placing the responsibility for failure to achieve the budget targets. The salient features of Budgetary Control System are as follows: 1. Determining the objectives to be achieved, over the budget period, and the policy or policies that might be adopted for the achievement of these ends. 2. Determining the variety of activities that should be undertaken for the achievement of the objectives. 3. Drawing up a plan or a scheme of operation in respect of each class of activity, in physical as well as monetary terms for the full budget period and its parts. 5 4. Laying out a system of comparison of actual performance by each person, section or department with the relevant budget and determination of causes for the discrepancies, if any. 5. Ensuring that corrective action will be taken where the plan is not being achieved and, if that be not possible, for the revision of the plan. In brief, it is a system to assist management in the allocation of responsibility and authority, to provide it with aid for making, estimating and planning for the future and to facilitate the analysis of the variation between estimated and actual performance. In order that budgetary control may function effectively, it is necessary that the concern should develop proper basis of measurement or standards with which to evaluate the efficiency of operations, i.e., it should have in operation a system of standard costing. Besides this, the organization of the concern should be so integrated that all lines of authority and responsibility are laid, allocated and defin ed. This is essential since the system of budgetary control postulates separation of functions and division of responsibilities and thus requires that the organization shall be planned in such a manner that everyone, from the Managing Director down to the Shop Foreman, will have his duties properly defined. Objectives of Budgetary Control System: 1. Portraying with precision the overall aims of the business and determining targets of performance for each section or department of the business. 2. Laying down the responsibilities of each of the executives and other personnel so that everyone knows what is expected of him and how he will be judged. Budgetary control is 6 one of the few ways in which an objective assessment of executives or department is possible. 3. Providing a basis for the comparison of actual performance with the predetermined targets and investigation of deviation, if any, of actual performance and expenses from the budgeted figures. This naturally helps in adopting corrective measures. 4. Ensuring the best use of all available resources to maximize profit or production, subject to the limiting factors. Since budgets cannot be properly drawn up without considering all aspects usually there is good co-ordination when a system of budgetary control operates. 5. Co-coordinating the various activities of the business, and centralizing control and yet enabling management to decentralize responsibility and delegate authority in the overall interest of the business. 6. Engendering a spirit of careful forethought, assessment of what is possible and an attempt at it. It leads to dynamism without recklessness. Of course, much depends on the objectives of the firm and the vigour of its management. 7. Providing a basis for revision of current and future policies. 8. Drawing up long range plans with a fair measure of accuracy. 9. Providing a yardstick against which actual results can be compared. Working of a budgetary control system: The responsibility for successfully introducing and implementing a Budgetary Control System rests with the Budget Committee acting through the Budget Officer. The Budget Committee would be composed of all functional heads and a member from the Board to 7 preside over and guide the deliberations. The main responsibilities of the Budget Officer are: 1. To assist in the preparation of the various budgets by coordinating the work of the accounts department which is normally responsible to compile the budgets—with the relevant functional departments like Sales, Production, Plant maintenance etc.; 2. To forward the budget to the individuals who are responsible to adhere to them, and to guide them in overcoming any practical difficulties in its working; 3. To prepare the periodical budget reports for circulation to the individuals concerned; 4. To follow-up action to be taken on the budget reports; 5. To prepare an overall budget working report for discussion at the Budget Committee meetings and to ensure follow-up on the lines of action suggested by the Committee; 6. To prepare periodical reports for the Board meeting. Comparing the budgeted Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet with the actual results attained. It is necessary that every budget should be thoroughly discussed with the functional head before it is finalized. It is the duty of the Budget Officer to see that the periodical budget reports are supplied to the recipients at frequent intervals as far as possible. The efficiency of the Budget Officer, and through him of the Budget Committee, will be judged more by the smooth working of the system and the agreement between the actual figures and the budgeted figures. Budgets are primarily an incentive and a challenge for better performance; it is up to the 8 Budget Officer to see that attention of the different functional heads is drawn to it to face the challenge in a successful manner. Advantages of Budgetary Control System: 1. The use of budgetary control system enables the management of a business concern to conduct its business activities in the efficient manner. 2. It is a powerful instrument used by business houses for the control of their expenditure. It in fact provides a yardstick for measuring and evaluating the performance of individuals and their departments. 3. It reveals the deviations to management, from the budgeted figures after making a comparison with actual figures. 4. Effective utilization of various resources like—men, material, machinery and money is made possible, as the production is planned after taking them into account. 5. It helps in the review of current trends and framing of future policies. 6. It creates suitable conditions for the implementation of standard costing system in a business organization. 7. It inculcates the feeling of cost consciousness among workers. 8. It helps the principal of management by exception to apply. 9. Management which has developed a well ordered budget plans and which operate accordingly, receive greater favour from credit agencies. 9 Limitations of Budgetary Control System: 1. Based on Estimates: Budgets may or may not be true, as they are based on estimates. 2. Time factor: Budgets cannot be executed automatically. Accuracy in budgeting comes through experience. Management must not expect too much during the development period. 3. Cooperation Required: Staff co-operation is usually not available during budgetary control exercise. The success of the budgetary control depends upon willing co-operation and teamwork, 4. Expensive: Its implementation is quite expensive. No budgetary programme can be successful unless adequate arrangements are made for supervision and administration. 5. Not a substitute for management: Budget is only a managerial tool. It cannot substitute management. 6. Rigid document: Budgets are considered as rigid document. But in reality, firm’s affairs continuously change under inflationary pressure and changing government policies. 10 ZERO BASE BUDGETS The technique of zero base budgeting suggests that an organisation should not only make decisions about the proposed new programmes, but should also review the appropriateness of the existing programmes from time to time. Such a review should particularly be done of such responsibility centres where there is relatively high proportion of discretionary costs. Costs of this type depend on the discretion or policies of the responsibility centre or top managers. These costs have no direct relation to volume of activity. Hence, management discretion typically determines the amount budgeted. Some examples are: expenditure on research and development, personnel administration, legal advisory services. Zero base budgeting, as the term suggests, examines or reviews a programme or function or responsibility from ‘scratch’. The reviewer proceeds on the assumption that nothing is to be allowed. The manager proposing the activity has, therefore, to justify that the activity is essential and the various amounts asked for are reasonable taking into account the outputs or results or volume of activity envisaged. No activity or expense is allowed simply because it was being allowed or done in the past. Thus according to this technique each programme, whether new or existing, must be justified in its entirety each time a new budget is formulated. It involves: 1. Dealing with particularly all elements of mangers budget requests 2. Critical examination of ongoing activities along with the newly proposed activities 3. Providing each manger a range of choice in setting priorities in respect of different activities and in allocating resources. 11 Process of Zero Base Budgeting: The following steps are involved in Zero base budgeting: Determining the objectives of budgeting: The objective may be to effect cost reduction in staff overheads or it may be to drop, after careful analysis, projects which do not fit into achievement of the organizations objectives etc. Deciding on scope of application: The extent to which zero base budgeting is to be introduced has to be decided, i.e. whether it will be introduced in all areas of the organisations activities or only in a few selected areas on trial basis. Developing decision units Decision units for which cost-benefit analysis is proposed have to be developed so as to arrive at decisions whether they should be allowed to continue or to be dropped. Each decision unit, as far as possible should be independent of other units so that it can be dropped if the cost analysis proves to be unfavourable for it. Developing decision packages : A decision package for each unit should be developed . While developing a decision package, answers to the following questions would be desirable: †¢ Is it necessary to perform a particular activity at all? If the answer is in the negative, there is no need to proceed further. †¢ How much has been the actual cost of the activity and what has been the actual benefit both in tangible as well as intangible forms? †¢ What should be the estimated cost of the level of activity and the estimated benefit from 12 such activity? †¢ Should the activity be performed in the way in which it is being performed, and what should be the cost? †¢ If the project or activity is dropped, can the unit be replaced by an outside agency? After completing decision packages for each unit, the units are ranked according to the findings of cost benefit analysis. Essential projects are identified and given the highest ranks. The last stage is that of implementing the decision taken in the light of the study made. It involves the selection and acceptance of those projects which have a positive cost-benefit analysis or which are capable of meeting the objectives of the organization. The above analysis shows that zero base budgeting is in a way an extension of the method of cost benefit analysis to the area of the corporate budgeting. Advantages of Zero Base Budgeting: †¢ It provides the organization with systematic way to evaluate different operations and programmes undertaken. It enables management t o allocate resources according to priority of the programmes. †¢ It ensures that each and every programme undertaken by managers is really essential for the organization, and is being performed in the best possible way. †¢ It enables the management to approve departmental budgets on the basis of cost-benefit analysis. No arbitrary cuts or increase in budget estimates are made. †¢ It links budgets with the corporate objectives. Nothing will be allowed simply because it was being done in the past. An activity may be shelved if it does not help in achieving the goals of the enterprises. 13 †¢ It helps in identifying areas of wasteful expenditure and, if desired, it can also be used for suggesting alternative courses of action. †¢ It facilitates the introduction and implementation of the system of `management by objectives. Thus it can be used not only for fulfillment of the objectives of traditional budgeting, but also for a variety of other purposes. It is contended that zero base budgeting is time consuming. Of course, it is true, but it happens only in the initial stages when decision units have to be identified and decision packages have to be developed or completed. Once this is done, and the methodology is clear, zero base budgeting is likely to take less time than the traditional budgeting. In any case, till such time the organization is properly acclimatized to the technique of zero base budgeting, it may be done in a way that all responsibility centre’s are covered at least once in three or four years. Zero base budgeting as a concept has become quite popular these days. The technique was first used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1962. Texas Instruments, a multinational company, pioneered its use in the private sector. Today, a number of major companies such as Zerox, BASF, International Harvester and Easter Airlines in the United State are using the system. Some departments of the Government of India have recently introduced zero base budgeting with a view to making the system of budgetary control more effective. 14 PERFORMANCE BUDGETS Performance budgeting (or programme budgeting) has been designed to correct the shortcomings of traditional budgeting by emphasizing managements considerations/ approaches. Both the financial and physical aspects are incorporated into the budget. A performance budget presents the operations of an organisation in terms of functions, programmes, activities, and projects. In performance budgeting, precise detainment of job to be performed or services to be rendered is done. Secondly, the budget is prepared in terms of functional categories and their sub-division into programmes, activities, and projects. Thirdly, the budget becomes a comprehensive document. Since the financial and physical results are interwoven, it facilitates management control. The Main objectives of Performance Budgeting are: (i) to coordinate the physical and financial aspects; (ii) to improve the budget formulation, review and decision-making at all levels of management (iii) to facilitate bett er appreciation and review by controlling authorities (legislature, Board of Trustees or Governors, etc) as the presentation is more purposeful and intelligible; (iv) to make more effective performance audit possible; and (v) to measure progress towards long-term objectives which are envisaged in a development plan. Performance budgeting involves evaluation of the performance of the organisation in the context of both specific, as well as, overall objectives of the organisation. It presupposes a crystal clear perception of organisational objectives in general, and short-term business objectives as stipulated in the budget, in particular by each employee of the organisation, irrespective of his level. It thus, provides a definite direction to each employee and also a control mechanism to higher management. 15 Performance budgeting requires preparation of periodic performance reports. Such reports compare budget and actual data, and show variances. Their preparation is greatly facilitated if the authority and responsibility for the incurrence of each cost element is clearly defined within the firms organisational structure. In addition, the accounting system should be sufficiently detailed and coordinated to provide necessary data for reports designed for the particular use of the individuals or cost centres having primary responsibility for specific cost. The responsibility for preparing the performance budget of each department lies on the respective Department Head. Each Department Head will be supplied with a copy of the section of the master budget appropriate to his sphere. For example, the chief buyer will be supplied with the copy of the materials purchase budget so that he may arrange for purchase of necessary materials. Periodic reports from various sections of a department will be received by the departmental head that will submit a summary report about his department to the budget committee. The report may be daily, weekly or monthly, depending upon the size of business and the budget period. These reports will be in the form of comparison of budgeted and actual figures, both periodic and cumulative. The purpose of preparing these reports is to promptly inform about the deviations in actual and budgeted activity to the person who has the necessary authority and responsibility to take necessary action to correct the deviations from the budget. 16 FUNCTIONAL BUDGET A functional budget is one which is related to function of the business as for example, production budget relating to the manufacturing function. Functional budgets are prepared for each function and they are subsidiary to the master budget of the business. The various types of functional budgets to be prepared will vary according to the size and nature of the business. The various commonly used functional budgets are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Sales budget Production budget Plant utilisation budget Direct-material usage budget Direct-material purchase budget Direct-labour (personnel) budget Factory overhead budget Production cost budget Ending-inventory budget Cost-of-goods-sold budget Selling and distribution cost budget Administration expenses budget Research and development cost budget (xiv) Capital expenditure budget Cash budget 17 Illustration: Sales Budget: Sales forecast is the commencement of budgeting and hence sales budget assumes primary importance. The quantity which can be sold may be the principal budget factor in many business undertakings. In any case in order to chalk out a realistic budget programme, there must be an accurate sales forecast. The sales budget indicates for each product: 1. The quantity of estimated sales and 2. The expected unit selling price. These data are often reported by regions or by sales representatives. In estimating the quantity of sales for each product, past sales volumes are often used as a starting point. These amounts are revised for factors that are expected to affect future sales, such as the factors listed below. 1. Backlog of unfilled sales orders 2. Planned advertising and promotion 3. Expected industry and general economic conditions 4. Productive capacity 5. Projected pricing 6. Findings of market research studies 7. Relative product profitability. 8. Competition. 18 Once an estimate of the sales volume is obtained, the expected sales revenue can be determined by multiplying the volume by the expected unit sales price, the sales budget represents the total sales in physical quantities and values for a future budget period. Sales managers are constantly faced with problem like anticipation of customer requirements, new product needs, competitor strategies and various changes in distribution methods or promotional techniques. The purposes of sales budget is not to attempt to estimate or guess what the actual sales will be, but rather to develop a plan with clearly defined objectives towards which the operational effort is directed in order to attain or exceed the objective. Hence, sales budget is not merely a sales forecast. A budget is a planning and control document which shows what the management intends to accomplish. Thus, the sales budget is active rather than passive. A sales forecast, however, is a projection or estimate of the available customer demand. A forecast reflects the environmental or competitive situation facing the company whereas the sales budget shows how the management intends to react to this environmental and competitive situation. A good budget hinges on aggressive management control rather than on passive acceptance of what the market appears to offer. If the company fails to make this distinction, the budget will remain more a figure-work exercise than a working tool of dynamic management cont rol. 19 The sales budget may be prepared under the following classification or combination of classifications: 1. Products or groups of products. 2. Areas, towns, salesmen and agents. 3. Types of customers as for example: (i) Government, (ii) Export, (iii) Home sales, (iv) Retail depots. 4. Period—months, weeks, etc Example of Sales Budget: XYZ Ltd. Sales Budget for the Year Ended 31 March XXXX Particulars Units Selling Price (P.U) Total Sales Value (Rs.) Product A Product B Total 5000 10000 75 80 375000 800000 1175000 20 LEADING TO THE PREPARATION OF THE MASTER BUDGET When all the necessary functional budgets have been prepared, the budget officer will prepare the master budget which may consist of budgeted profit and loss account and budgeted balance sheet. These are in fact the budget summaries. When the master budget is approved by the board of directors, it represents a standard for the achievement of which all the departments will work. On the basis of the various budgets (schedules) prepared earlier in this study, we prepare below budgeted income statement and budgeted balance sheet. Illustration: Floatglass Manufacturing Company requires you to present the Master budget for the 31 March 2012 from the following information: Sales: Toughened Glass Bent Glass Direct Material Cost Direct Wages Factory Overheads: Indirect Labour Works Manager Foreman Rs. 500 per month Rs. 400 per month 2.5% on Sales Rs. 600000 Rs. 200000 60% of Sales 20 workers @ Rs. 150 per month 21 Stores and Spares Depreciation on Machinery Repairs and Maintenance Other Sundries Administration, selling and Distribution Expenses Rs. 12600 Rs. 3000 Rs. 8000 10% on Direct Wages Rs. 36000 per year Solution: Master Budget for the Year Ending 31 March 2012 Particulars Amount (Rs.) Sales: Toughened Glass Bent Glass Total Sales Less: Cost of Production: Direct Material Direct Wages Prime Cost (A) Fixed Factory Overhead: 480000 36000 516000 600000 200000 800000 Amount (Rs.) 22 Works Manager’s Salary Foreman’s Salary Depreciation Light and Power Total Fixed Factory Overhead (B) Variable Factory Overhead: Stores and Spares Repairs and Maintenance Sundry Expenses Total Variable Factory Overhead (C) Works Cost (A+B+C) Gross Profit (Sales- Works Cost) Less: Administration, Selling and Distribution Expenses Net Profit 6000 4800 12600 3000 26400 20000 8000 3600 31600 574000 226000 36000 190000 23 CAPITAL EXPENDITURE BUDGET: The capital expenditure budget represents the planned outlay on fixed assets like land, building, plant and machinery, etc. during the budget period. This budget is subject to strict management control because it entails large amount of expenditure. The budget is prepared to cover a long period of years and it projects the capital costs over the period in which the expenditure is to be incurred and the expected earnings. The preparation of this budget is based on the following considerations: 1. Overhead on production facilities of certain departments as indicated by the plant utilization budget. 2. Future development plans to increase output by expansion of plant facilities. 3. Replacement requests from the concerned departments 4. Factors like sales potential to absorb the increased output, possibility of price reductions, increased costs of advertising and sales promotion to absorb increased output, etc. Merits/Advantages: 1. It outlines the capital development programme and estimated capital expenditure during the budget per iod. 2. It enables the company to establish a system of priorities. When there is a shortage of funds, capital rationing becomes necessary. 3. It serves as a tool for controlling expenditure. 4. It provides the amount of expenditure to be incorporated in the future budget 24 summaries for calculation of estimated return on capital employed. 5. This enables the cash budget to be completed. With other cash commitments capital expenditure commitment should also be considered for the completion of the budget. 6. It facilitates cost reduction programme, particularly when modernization and renovation is covered by this budget. 25 FIXED AND FLEXIBLE BUDGETS Fixed Budget: According to Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England, â€Å"a fixed budget is a budget designed to remain unchanged irrespective of the level of activity actually attained†. A fixed budget shows the expected results of a responsibility center for only one activity level. Once the budget has been determined, it is not changed, even if the activity changes. Fixed budgeting is used by many service companies and for some administrative functions of manufacturing companies, such as purchasing, engineering, and accounting. Fixed Budget is used as an effective tool of cost control. In case, the level of activity attained is different from the level of activity for budgeting purposes, the fixed budget becomes ineffective. Such a budget is quite suitable for fixed expenses. It is also known as a static budget. Essential conditions: 1. When the nature of business is not seasonal. 2. There is no impact of external factors on the business activities 3. The demand of the product is certain and stable. 4. Supply orders are issued regularly. 5. The market of the product should be domestic rather than foreign. 6. There is no need of special labour or material in the production of the products. 7. Supply of production inputs is regular. 8. There is a trend of price stability. Generally, all above conditions are not found in practice. Hence fixed budget is not important 26 in business concerns. Merits/advantages: 1. Very simple to understand 2. Less time consuming Demerits/Disadvantages: 1. It is misleading. A poor performance may remain undetected and a good performance may go unrealized. 2. It is not suitable for long period. 3. It is also found unsuitable particularly when the business conditions are changing constantly. 4. Accurate estimates are not possible. Flexible Budget According to Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England,†a flexible budget is defined as a budget which, by recognizing the difference between fixed, semi-variable and variable costs is designed to change in relation to the level of activity attained.† Unlike static (fixed) budgets, flexible budgets show the expected results of a responsibility center for several activity levels. You can think of a flexible budget as a series of static budgets for different levels of activity. Such budgets are especially useful in estimating and controlling factory cos ts and operating expenses. It is more realistic and practicable because it gives due consideration 27 to cost behaviour at different levels of activity. While preparing a flexible budget the expenses are classified into three categories viz. 1. Fixed, 2. Variable, and 3. Semi-variable. Semi-variable expenses are further segregated into fixed and variable expenses. Flexible budgeting may be resorted to under following situations: 1. In the case of new business venture due to its typical nature it may be difficult to forecast the demand of a product accurately. 2. Where the business is dependent upon the mercy of nature e.g., a person dealing in wool trade may have enough market if temperature goes below the freezing point. 3. In the case of labour intensive industry where the production of the concern is dependent upon the availability of labour. Merits/ Advantages: 1. With the help of flexible budget, the sales, costs and profit may be calculated easily by the business at various levels of production capacity. 2. In flexible budget, adjustment is very simple according to change in business conditions. 3. It also helps in determination of production level as it shows budgeted costs with classification at various levels of activity along with sales. Hence the management can easily select the level of production which shows the profit predetermined by the owners of the bu siness. 4. It also shows the quantity of product to be produced to earn determined profit. 28 Demerits/Disadvantages: 1. The formulation of flexible budget is possible only when there is proper accounting system maintained, perfect knowledge about the factors of production and various business circumstances is available. 2. Flexible Budget also requires the system of standard costing in business. 3. It is very expensive and labour oriented. Need for flexible budget: 1. Seasonal fluctuations in sales and/or production, for example in soft drinks industry; 2. A company which keeps on introducing new products or makes changes in the design of its products frequently; 3. Industries engaged in make-to-order business like ship building; 4. An industry which is influenced by changes in fashion; and 5. General changes in sales. 29 Illustration: A factory which expects to operate 7,000 hours, i.e., at 70% level of activity, furnishes details of expenses as under: Particulars Variable Expenses Amount (Rs.) 1260 Semi- Variable Expenses 1200 Fixed Expenses 1800 The semi-variable expenses go up by 10% between 85% and 95% activity and by 20% above 95% activity. Construct a flexible budget for 80, 90 and 100 per cent activities. Solution: Particulars Budgeted Hours Variable Expenses Semi-Variable Expenses Fixed Expenses Total Expenses Recovery Rate Per Hour 70% 7000 1260 1200 1800 4260 0.61 80% 8000 1440 1200 1800 4440 0.55 90% 9000 1620 1320 1800 4740 0.53 100% 10000 1800 1440 1800 5040 0.50 30 Difference between Fixed and Flexible Budget: Fixed Budget Flexible Budget It does not change with actual volume of It can be recasted on the basis of activity activity achieved. Thus it is known as rigid level to be achieved. Thus it is not rigid. or inflexible budget. It operates on one level of activity and under It consists of various budgets for one set of conditions. It assumes that there different levels of activity. will be no change in the prevailing conditions, which is unrealistic. Here as all costs like fixed, variable and Here analysis of variance provides useful semi-variable are related to only one level information as each cost is analyzed of activity so variance analysis does give useful information. If the budgeted and actual activity levels differ Flexible budgeting at different levels of significantly, then the aspects like cost activity facilitates the ascertainment of ascertainment and price fixation do not give a cost, fixation of selling price and tendering correct picture. of quotations. a meaningful basis of not according to its b ehaviour. Comparison of actual performance with It provides budgeted targets will be meaningless comparison of the actual performance with specially when there is a difference the budgeted targets. between the two activity levels. 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 ICAI Module on Cost Accounting 2 Newsletters and opinions published by ICAI 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget 4 www.icai.org

Muslim Women Essay Example for Free

Muslim Women Essay The more and more I study about Muslim Women and the obstacles they face, I become angered. In writing this paper, I’ve found that there is no substantial evidence in any Muslim or Islamic writings that states that women should be treated as slaves or insubordinates. Women are to be respected, protected, and loved; no matter what religion or color they may be. So, my paper will focus on these three things, but the lack of it. What is the definition of respect? Respect is a positive feeling of esteem or deference for a person or other entity. When you respect a person, you will show it through actions and deeds; without any conjuring. I’ve noticed that Muslim women aren’t respected too well within their own religion. The Sharia Law is the moral code and religious law of Islam which deals with many topics such as prayer, fasting, diet, sexual intercourse, hygiene, etc. It is considered the infallible law of God; there is no human interpretation. The two sources of this law are the Quran and Mohammed; the last source is part of the human interpretation that many state the Quran doesn’t possess. According to the Sharia, women aren’t equal to men unless it is in religious duties such as prayer, fasting, and making hajj. Contrary to what most Muslim men believe, a woman is not created for the purpose of a Muslim man. Rather, they are both created for each other. They are to help, support, and cleave to one another through their life and Islamic religion. Some Muslim men have taken the Quran and made it to be a falsity to their perception and added to it. This addition has caused many Muslim women to be disrespected and abused. Many Islamic religions are filled with much domestic violence. Take Bibi Aisha’s case, her husband was part of the Taliban and she never had a chance to see him. During his time away, her in-laws beat her, tortured her, and made her sleep with the livestock. The abuse became too much, so Bibi ran away, but her father returned her back to her in-laws. Due to her disappearance, her husband returned and he proceeded to torture her in front of the community by removing her ear and nose. She was left in the desert to bleed to death. She ran to her uncle’s house and he turned her away, but her father-in-law took her to the Americans (military) where they tended to her wounds and protected her. You can find her picture on my blog for this class. When I see her, I see a woman of strength and perseverance. It’s said to say, but this incident which brought her much pain, seems to have blessed her. It is because of the mutilation of her face that she is free and in a better place. It is well known within the Islamic culture that domestic abuse is hardly unique. Many Muslim women deal with this atrocity daily, due to the thoughts of Muslim men. Most Muslim males believe that Muslim women are slaves or property. Most husbands believe its right to beat their wives and treat her with disdain. An often-quoted verse in the Quran says a husband may chastise a disobedient wife, but this is open to several interpretations. What is the definition of protection and love? Protection is to cover or shield from exposure, injury, damage, or destruction and love is a profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person. I can’t say that I see these actions practiced within the Muslim culture. If anything, Muslim women are caused to feel scared, unsafe, unprotected, and abused. The most common form of abuse is emotional and mental abuse. This can include verbal threats, intimidation, neglect, extreme jealousy and possessiveness. The worse of the two is the mental abuse which causes severe psychological harm. It destroys her self-esteem, self-worth, and causes many to have nervous breakdowns and become suicidal. Some of the factors that make Muslim men abusive Muslim women are: 1. Economic hardship, political oppression experienced outside the U.S., problems with the children, or an inferiority complex. 2. Some Muslim men accept the idea that its normal for a man to hit his wife and that she is no more than a piece of his property. 3. It’s generational; habits are picked up after watching their own fathers abuse their mothers. 4. Some abuse their wives because they want them to be more modern and less Islamic. SO they have their wives remove their hijab (Islamic dress), while others turn to abuse in order to keep their wives traditional; which is the exact opposite of the former. In a marriage, the Quran is very clear on procedures in discipline for Islamic wives. First, there’s peaceful discussion between the two about the problem and resolutions. If this doesn’t work, the next step is for the husband to be more stern and focused. If the disobedience persists from the wife, the husband will leave the bed which is a form of punishment for not only the wife, but also the husband. If that doesn’t work, then other family members will become involved and try to help in resolving the issues and being fair to both parties. This is not totally true because the Muslim religion is male dominated and gender-controlled. The males within the family will be the first and last to define choices of resolution. Remember, Muslim women really don’t have rights. Whether it’s within their family, job, mosque, or society. There is no balance when it comes to gender or to resolving life’s issues in the Muslim culture. During this whole process, Muslim women keep quiet due to feelings of depression and hopelessness. They began to feel like no one will help them and they are constantly aware of their co-dependence to their husbands. Financial independence is something that is always in the forefront of their minds, but it’s always tainted by the images of control in the Muslim culture. So, they make a decision to stay in bondage to keep their homes, children, and the love of their husbands; the latter is questionable. Some Muslim women see the abuse as a fact of life and learn to live with it. So, what does the abuse and control have to do with Women’s Studies? Well, throughout the class we focused on many different types of situations that involved women; whether good or bad. The control and abuse that is present in the Muslim culture reminds of gender prejudice and gender discrimination. Both are one in the same, but speak of different influences. Gender prejudice is a belief that women are the weaker of the sexes emotionally and physically and must be protected from the world outside. I know that males are expected to be the providers and to dominate the decision making in the home, but there sh ould still be some form of balance. Balance is needed in everything; whether it’s life, work, or play. We all need to have a sense of structure or rules, but there must be a state of adjustment. In reviewing gender discrimination, you will find prejudicial treatment based upon groups or individuals due to their gender or sex; there is no protection factor involved. Gender discrimination can affect both men and women, but women are usually at the receiving end, since most cultures in the world are patriarchal and male-dominated. This isn’t a far cry for religions because mostly all religions are male-dominated. You will find women aren’t seen as being equal to men within the scope of religion. It is partly due to how man has interpreted their religious readings or scriptures, and twisted it to be a form of evil and disdain. Yes, there are places within scripture that speak of women being unclean due to their monthly or being untouchable after childbirth. But is it because the woman is evil, or is it a form of protection for her and anyone that she may come into contact with? All in all, I see the Islamic religion as being so gender biased that it causes me to become angered. This religion seems to prevent Muslim women from nurturing their true identity and blossoming into women of self-worth and self-esteem. Hiding one’s face can make a person feel unworthy and disconnected. It’s a joy to feel positive about yourself and who you are. Being able to feel good about your looks and your body can be very uplifting to the psyche and soul. What puts a damper on that? Having a father, brother, husband, or any male to make you feel that your very essence is despicable and dirty. Hopefully, in the 21st century, things will change and get better. Until then, it’s up to us to become more aware of the many differences of cultures and religions. These differences could cause or society to become cold, unloving, and aloof. I don’t believe our world should be this way. If anything, love should prevail and the worship of a power stronger than you should cause you to love everyone even the more. Bibliography Roald, Anne S. (2001). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. Routledge. Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi, ed. Encyclopedia of Women Islamic Cultures. Brill Academic Publishers. Women and Violence. Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. United Nations Department of Public Information, Feb. 1996. Web. 07 Dec. 2011 American Muslim Women Unveil, and Explain Why: NPR. NPR: National Public Radio. 19 Oct. 2011. Muslim Clerics on the Religious Rulings Regarding Wife-Beating. Jihad Watch. 15 Nov. 2011.

Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization Architecture

Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization Architecture Multi-campus ICT equipment virtualization architecture  for cloud and NFV integrated service Abstract- We propose a virtualization architecture for multicampus  information and communication technology (ICT)  equipment with integrated cloud and NFV capabilities. The  aim of this proposal is to migrate most of ICT equipment on  campus premises into cloud and NFV platforms. Adopting this  architecture would make most of ICT services secure and  reliable and their disaster recovery (DR) economically  manageable. We also analyze a cost function and show cost advantages of  this proposed architecture, describe implementation design  issues, and report a preliminary experimentation of NFV DR  transaction. This architecture would encourage academic  institutes to migrate their own ICT systems located on their  premises into a cloud environments. Keywords; NFV, Data Center Migration, Disaster Recovery,  Multi-campus network I. INTRODUCTION There are many academic institutions that have multiple  campuses located in different cities. These institutions need  to provide information and communication technology (ICT)  services, such as E-learning services, equally for all students  on each campus. Usually, information technology (IT)  infrastructures, such as application servers, are deployed at a  main campus, and these servers are accessed by students on  each campus. For this purpose, each local area network  (LAN) on each campus is connected to a main campus LAN  via a virtual private network (VPN) over a wide area  network (WAN). In addition, Internet access service is  provided to all students on the multi-campus environment. To access the Internet, security devices, such as firewalls and  intrusion detection systems (IDSs), are indispensable as they  protect computing resources from malicious cyber activities. With the emergence of virtualization technologies such  as the cloud computing[1] and network functions  virtualization (NFV)[2], [3], we expected that ICT  infrastructures such as compute servers, storage devices, and  network equipment can be moved from campuses to  datacenters (DCs) economically. Some organizations have  begun to move their ICT infrastructures from their own  premises to outside DCs in order to improve security,  stability, and reliability. Also, there are a lot of contributions  to archiving DR capabilities with cloud technologies [4], [5], [6]. Active-passive replication or active-active replication are  expected techniques that archive DR capabilities. In these  replications, a redundant backup system is required  dedicatedly at a secondary site. With migration recovery [4],  these backup resources can be shared among many users.   These studies mainly focus on the application servers. While,  integrated DR capability for ICT infrastructures, both  application and network infrastructures, are still immature.   We propose a multi-campus ICT equipment virtualization  architecture for integrated cloud and NFV capabilities. The  aim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICT infrastructures  on campus premises into cloud and NFV platforms.   Adopting this architecture for multi-campus networks would  improve access link utilization, security device utilization,  network transmission delay, disaster tolerance, and  manageability at the same time.   We also analyze the cost function and show cost  advantages of this proposed architecture.   To evaluate the feasibility of our proposed architecture,  we built a test bed on SINET5 (Science Information  NETwork 5) [7], [8], [9]. We describe the test-bed design,  and preliminary experimentation on reducing the recovery  time of VNF is reported. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II  shows background of this work. Section III shows proposed  multi-campus network virtualization architecture. Section IV  shows an evaluation of the proposed architecture in terms of  cost advantages and implementation results. Section V  concludes the paper, and future work is discussed   II. BACKGROUND OF THIS WORK SINET5 is a Japanese academic backbone network for  about 850 research institutes and universities and provide  network services to about 30 million academic users.   SINET5 was wholly constructed and put into operation in  April 2016. SINET5 plays an important role in supporting a  wide range of research fields that need high-performance  connectivity, such as high-energy physics, nuclear fusion  science, astronomy, geodesy, seismology, and computer  science. Figure 1 shows the SINET5 architecture. It provides  points of presence, called SINET-data centers (DCs), and  SINET DCs are deployed in each prefecture in Japan. On  each SINET DC, an internet protocol (IP) router, MPLS-TP  system, and ROADM are deployed. The IP router  accommodates access lines from research institutes and  universities. All Every pairs of internet protocol (IP) routers  are connected by a paier of MPLS-TP paths. These paths  achieves low latency and high reliability. The IP routers and  MPLS-TP systems are connected by a 100-Gbps-based  optical path. Therefore, data can be transmitted from a  SINET DC to another SINET DC in up to 100 Gbps  throughput. In addition, users, who have 100 Gpbs access  lines, can transmit data to other users in up to 100 Gbps  throughput.   Currently, SINET5 provides a direct cloud connection  service. In this service, commercial cloud providers connect  their data centers to the SINET5 with high-speed link such as  10 Gbps link directly. Therefore, academic users can access  cloud computing resources with very low latency and high  bandwidth via SINET5. Thus, academic users can receive  high-performance computer communication between  campuses and cloud computing resources. Today, 17 cloud  service providers are directly connected to SINET5 and more  than 70 universities have been using cloud resources directly  via SINET5. To evaluate virtual technologies such as cloud computing  and NFV technologies, we constructed at test-bed platform  (shown as NFV platform in fig. 1) and will evaluate the  network delay effect for ICT service with this test bed. NFV  platform are constructed at four SINET-DCs on major cities  in Japan: Sapporo, Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka. At each site,  the facilities are composed of computing resources, such as  servers and storages, network resources, such as layer-2  switches, and controllers, such as NFV orchestrator, and  cloud controller. The layer-2 switch is connected to a  SINET5 router at the same site with high speed link,  100Gbps. The cloud controller configures servers and  storages and NFV orchestrator configures the VNFs on NFV  platform. And user can setup and release VPNs between  universities, commercial clouds and NFV platforms  dynamically over SINET with on-demand controller. This  on-demand controller setup the router with NETCONF  interface. Also, this on-demand controller setup the VPN corelated  with NFV platform with REST interface.   Today there are many universities which has multiple  campus deployed over wide area. In this multi-campus  university, many VPNs (VLANs), ex hundreds of VPNs, are  desired to be configured over SINET to extend inter-campus  LAN. In order to satisfy this demand, SINET starts new  VPN services, called virtual campus LAN service. With this  service, layer 2 domains of multi-campus can be connected  as like as layer 2 switch using preconfigured VLAN rages   (ex. 1000-2000). III. PROPOSED MULTI-CAMPUS ICT EQUIPMENT  VIRTUALIZATION ARCHITECTURE In this section, the proposed architecture is described.   The architecture consists of two parts. First, we describe the  network architecture and clarify the issues with it. Next, a  NFV/cloud control architecture is described.   A. Proposed multi-campus network architecture   Multi-campus network architecture is shown in Figure 2.   There are two legacy network architectures and a proposed  network architecture. In legacy network architecture 1 (LA1),  Internet traffic for multiple campuses is delivered to a main  campus (shown as a green line) and checked by security  devices. After that, the internet traffic is distributed to each  campus (shown as a blue line). ICT Applications, such as Elearning  services, are deployed in a main campus and access  traffic to ICT application is carried by VPN over SINET  (shown as a blue line). In legacy network architecture 2  (LA2), the Internet access is different from LA1. The  Internet access is directly delivered to each campus and  checked by security devices deployed at each campus. In the  proposed architecture (PA), the main ICT application is  moved from a main campus to an external NFV/cloud DC.   Thus, students on both main and sub-campuses can access  ICT applications via VPN over SINET. Also, internet traffic  traverses via virtual network functions (VNFs), such as  virtual routers and virtual security devices, located at  NFV/cloud DCs. Internet traffic is checked in virtual security  devices and delivered to each main/sub-campus via VPN  over SINET. There are pros and cons between these architectures.   Here, they are compared across five points: access link  utilization, security device utilization, network transmission  delay, disaster tolerance, and manageability.   (1) Access link utilization The cost of an access link from sub-campus to WAN is  same in LA1, LA2 and PA. While, the cost of an access link  from a main campus to WAN of LA1 is larger than LA2 and PA because redundant traffic traverses through the link.   While, in PA, an additional access link from a NFV/cloud  DC to WAN is required. Thus, evaluating the total access link  cost is important. In this evaluation, it is assumed that  additional access links from NFV/cloud DCs to WAN are  shared among multiple academic institutions who use the  NFV/cloud platform and that the cost will be evaluated  taking this sharing into account. (2) Security device utilization LA1 and PA is more efficient than LA2 because Internet traffic is concentrated in LA1 and PA and a statistically multiplexed traffic effect is expected.  In addition to it, in PA, the amount of physical  computing resources can be suppressed because virtual  security devices share physical computing resources among  multiple users. Therefore, the cost of virtual security devices  for each user will be reduced. (3) Network transmission delay Network delay due to Internet traffic with LA1 is longer  than that with LA2 and PA because Internet traffic to subcampuses  is detoured and transits at the main campus in LA1,  however, in LA2, network delay of Internet to sub-campuses  is directly delivered from an Internet exchange point on a  WAN to the sub-campus, so delay is suppressed. In PA,  network delay can be suppressed because the NFV and cloud  data center can be selected and located near an Internet  access gateway on WAN. While, the network delay for ICT application services  will be longer in PA than it in LA1 and LA2. Therefore, the  effect of a longer network delay on the quality of IT  application services has to be evaluated.   (4) Disaster tolerance   Regarding Internet service, LA1 is less disaster tolerant  than LA2. In LA1, when a disaster occurs around the main  campus and the network functions of the campus go down,  students on the other sub-campuses cannot access the  internet at this time. Regarding IT application service, IT services cannot be  accessed by students when a disaster occurs around the main  campus or data center. While, in PA, NFV/cloud DC is  located in an environment robust against earthquakes and  flooding. Thus, robustness is improved compared with LA1  and LA2. Today, systems capable of disaster recovery (DR) are  mandatory for academic institutions. Therefore, service  disaster recovery functionality is required. In PA, back up  ICT infrastructures located at a secondary data center can be  shared with another user. Thus, no dedicated redundant  resources are required in steady state operation, so the  resource cost can be reduced. However, if VM migration  cannot be fast enough to continue services, active-passive or  active-passive replication have to be adopted. Therefore,  reducing recovery time is required to adapt migration  recovery to archive DR manageability more economically   (5) Manageability LA1 and PA is easier to manage than LA2. Because  security devices are concentrated at a site (a main campus or  NFV/cloud data center), the number of devices can be  reduced and improving manageability.   There are three issues to consider when adopting the PA.   Evaluating the access link cost of an NFV/cloud  data center. Evaluating the network delay effect for ICT services.   Evaluating the migration period for migration  recovery replication. B. NFV and cloud control architecture  For the following two reasons, there is strong demand to  use legacy ICT systems continuously. Thus, legacy ICT  systems have to be moved to NFV/cloud DCs as virtual  application servers and virtual network functions. One reason  is that institutions have developed their own legacy ICT  systems on their own premises with vender specific features.   The second reason is that an institutions work flows are not  easily changed, and the same usability for end users is  required. Therefore, their legacy ICT infrastructures  deployed on a campus premises should be continuously used  in the NFV/cloud environment. In the proposed multicampus  architecture, these application servers and network  functions are controlled by using per-user orchestrators.   Figure 3 shows the proposed control architecture. Each  institution deploys their ICT system on IaaS services. VMs  are created and deleted through the application interface  (API), which is provided by IaaS providers. Each institution  sets up an NFV orchestrator, application orchestrator, and  management orchestrator on VMs. Both active and standby  orchestrators are run in primary and secondary data centers,  respectively, and both active and standby orchestrators check  the aliveness of each other. The NFV orchestrator creates the  VMs and installs the virtual network functions, such as  routers and virtual firewalls, and configures them. The  application orchestrator installs the applications on VMs and  sets them up. The management orchestrator registers these  applications and virtual network functions to monitoring  tools and saves the logs outputted from the IT service  applications and network functions. When an active data center suffers from disaster and the  active orchestrators go down, the standby orchestrators  detect that the active orchestrators are down. They start  establishing the virtual network functions and application  and management functions. After that, the VPN is connected  to the secondary data center being co-operated with the VPN  controller of WAN. In this architecture, each institution can select NFV  orchestrators that support a users legacy systems.   IV. EVALUATION OF PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE This section details an evaluation of the access link cost  of proposed network architecture. Also, the test-bed  configuration is introduced, and an evaluation of the  migration period for migration recovery is shown.   A. Access link cost of NFV/cloud data center  In this sub-section, an evaluation of the access link cost  of PA compared with LA1 is described.   First, the network cost is defined as follows.   There is an institution, u, that has a main campus and nu  sub-campuses. The traffic amount of institution u is defined as follows  different sites can be connected between a user site and cloud  sites by a SINET VPLS (Fig. 7). This VPLS can be dynamically established by a portal that uses the REST  interface for the on-demand controller. For upper-layer  services such as Web-based services, virtual network  appliances, such as virtual routers, virtual firewalls, and  virtual load balancers, are created in servers through the  NFV orchestrater. DR capabilities for NFV orchestrator is  under deployment. C. Migiration period for disaster recovery   We evaluated the VNF recovering process for disaster  recovery. In this process, there are four steps.   Step 1: Host OS installation Step 2: VNF image copy Step 3: VNF configuration copy Step 4: VNF process activation This process is started from the host OS installation because  there are VNFs that are tightly coupled with the host OS and  hypervisor. There are several kinds and versions of host OS,  so the host OS can be changed to suite to the VNF. After  host OS installation, VNF images are copied into the created  VMs. Then, the VNF configuration parameters are adjusted  to the attributions of the secondary data center environment  (for example, VLAN-ID and IP address), and the  configuration parameters are installed into VNF. After that,  VNF is activated. In our test environment, a virtual router can be recovered  from the primary data center to the secondary data center,  and the total duration of recovery is about 6 min. Each  duration of Steps 1-4 is 3 min 13 sec, 3 min 19 sec, 11 sec,  and 17 sec, respectively. To shorten the recovery time, currently, the standby VNF  is able to be pre-setup and activated. If the same  configuration can be applied in the secondary data center  network environment, snapshot recovering is also available.  In this case, Step 1 is eliminated, and Steps 2 and 3 are  replaced by copying a snap shot of an active VNF image,  which takes about 30 sec. In this case, the recovering time is  about 30 sec. V. CONCLUSION Our method using cloud and NFV functions can achieve  DR with less cost. We proposed a multi-campus equipment  virtualization architecture for cloud and NFV integrated  service. The aim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICT  infrastructures on campus premises into cloud and NFV  platforms. This architecture would encourage academic  institutions to migrate their own developed ICT systems located on their premises into a cloud environment. Adopting  this architecture would make entire ICT systems secure and  reliable, and the DR of ICT services could be economically  manageable. In addition, we also analyzed the cost function, and  showed a cost advantages of this proposed architecture  described implementation design issues, and reported a  preliminary experimentation of the NFV DR transaction/

1787: The Grand Convension by Clinton Rossiter :: essays research papers

The book I reviewed was 1787: The Grand Convention by Clinton Rossiter. In it he Breaks down before during and after the convention into four parts: The Setting, The Men, The Event, and The Consequences. In the Beginning Mr. Rossiter sets up for us a country that was going trough sever growing pains was without some serious help would not become the world power that it is today. The congressional form of common government that was formed during the Articles of Confederation, though not a failure, where not a success either. In order to finish what had begun with the revolution the great minds and characters of that time must band together and set aside the many differences they had in order to become one powerful government instead of a band of bickering siblings. Although Mr. Rossiter states that they did not come to Philadelphia because they all agreed they wanted to form a new structure for they government, they did feel that something had to be done or else the country that they fought so hard for to become free, would fail. Set up for the readers also were the wonderful and easy to understand breakup of all the men who were going to the convention. All of which were well-to-do men with businesses, prior political experience, and degrees from various University’s from all over the New World. As going over the names and descriptions of the Framers of the Constitution we are forced to agree with the author and others as well who say this group is the crà ¨me de la crà ¨me of the political business and military world like Washington, Hamilton, Madison, and Franklin. I must also admit though that those names were the only ones I had heard and recognized. What this book is good for it to fill in many of the spots that were missing in High School and Elementary school classes. The people who are only given 1 paragraph or a few sentences in to describe their personalities come to life in this book. For which we all must applaud Mr. Rossiter for being able to piece this pivotal moment in our history so well from notes and letters taken from the great men of this era. By far the most important part of this book was the description of the event itself that went on for many months from May 14th to September 17th.

JUVENILE LAW :: essays research papers

ARE YOU A JUVENILE OR AN ADULT?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mo. Laws make this question very complicated. Some times we might think we are juvenile’s, but by law we can be and treated as an adult. At age 13, you can go to some health clinics and get some medical treatments and testing done without your parents permission, such as pregnancy, alcohol/drug, and sexual transmitted diseases. Most of the time, if you are under 18, you need your parents permission, unless you are married, or in the military. At 15 1/2, you can get a special permit to drive with a legal guardian, but if you break a traffic law you are considered an adult. But at 16, you can get your own drivers license. If you are under 18 and even at age 12, you can be considered an adult if you commit a serious crime, such as killing, drug related. rape, repeated offenses, or stealing a car. If you are under 18, and are picked up by a police officer and taken to juvenile court, a juvenile officer will decide how to handle your case. Then a juvenile judge hears the evidence with you and your parents. The judge studies the whole complete picture of you, and your whole life and everything in and around you, and your crime, and then decides as to whether or not your case will be held in Juvenile Court or in a Adult Court. If your case is held in Juvenile Court and you are found guilty, and since he has made a complete study of you and your case, he will be the one to decide how and what will happen to you. If you are tried as an adult and found guilty, naturally the punishment will be more severe such as:

Psycho Motifs :: essays research papers

PSYCHO MOTIFS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever seen Psycho? I have, and in my opinion this movie is one of the best horror flicks ever. Part of the reason I think this because of the motifs Hitchcock added to the movie. Some of these motifs are the motion down, eyes, and circles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is a motif? Better yet, what is the motif I’m about to tell you about? Well, let me start by giving you a definition of the word.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motif : A recurrent thematic element used in the development of an artistic or literary work. (In this case, a movie.) One motif in this movie could be circles. For example, the eyes of all the characters, and the Norman’s birds. How about the police man’s sun glasses, they were also circular. Here’s a creepy one, the peep hole that Norman spies on Marion with. Another example could be the drains, which in two cases both had blood being washed down. Eerily, there is the empty eye sockets of Norman’s dead mother. There is even the letter O in Norman’s name. To sum this set of motifs up, circles are shown throughout this film, and to find these really shows the extent Hitchcock would travel to set his movies above the rest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the movie PSYCHO, I noticed several points where it seemed that an object or person was going downward. For instance, the rain descending for quite a long period of time in the beginning when Marion left town with the stolen money. Then there’s the water flowing down the sink drain and the bathtub drain. Also, the way everyone seems to be looking down on Marion. Then there’s Norman, and how the you see him always coming down his steps, but rarely up them. For my last spotted example, the bodies and their cars sinking into the swamp is one creepy instance of the downward motif. I don’t know the point of these motifs, this one included, except for the extra spice it just gives to the watchers who plan on picking through the movie to find these â€Å"Hitchcock bonuses†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you ever feel like you’re being watched? Well, in Psycho another motif is eyes. One example I used earlier is the police man’s sun glasses. You can’t see his eyes, but you know he’s watching or more likely inspecting Marion for any trace of trouble. Later in the film, Marion pulls into to a car dealership to trade in her car.

Is Technology a Boon Essay

Technology is very much a part of modern life. Many people see technology as a force that has escaped from human control. Others feel that technology has improved the quality of life. Do you think that the contribution technology has made to modern life has been positive or negative? State your position on this issue and support it with appropriate examples. Technology has become a part of our lives. The issue of decide if this part is or not good for life is a controversial one. Many believe that contribution technology has made to modern life improve the quality of life in different aspects. Others believe that technology is out of human control and they see adverse effects in modern life. After careful analysis of different fields such as daily life, medicine, and education, I feel that contribution technology has made to modern life has been really positive and help to improve the quality of human lives. The first reason for me to believe contribution technology made to modern life is just the daily life to unprecedented levels. Houses’ security systems, for example, connected to the police, is more powerfully because is build on technologies developed in the last years. As women increase their roles in society in the last times, daily homework such is cook, make laundry or vacuum take less time to do it than before, and its permits women to dedicate this time to other activities such is study, working, and other activities. Not only the daily live is benefited by advances of technology, another field is medicine. Thanks to advances in technology, many diseases that before was the cause of massive death, now is a past true, with the advances in technology, scientific and doctors find different vaccines to help people be healthier. The medical equipment’s advances help process such as surgery in a way that was never possible before. Nowadays, it is routine to get a heart replacement, which in the past such situations was simply impossible. Most importantly, we can see how scientific are in the process of looking for the solution to current diseases, and this will be possible, with the use of advanced medical technology. The best reason for me to applaud contribution technology made is in the field of education. I see how the advances in technology help students in their learning. For instance, the use of projectors and video conferences help in important amount in the process of learning; by using these approaches, different kinds of students’ intelligence can be addressed. Computers are another example of contribution that technology made to educational field. The use of well equipped computer lab is truly helpful for students because they have the chance to learn computer skills that are very important in almost all the work environments. Nowadays, teachers can find information they can use in their daily lessons. For instance, in a math class, teachers can use updated statistical information finding in computers (by just a click), and they can infuse these information into a lesson, making the lesson related with real life situations for students. In the final analysis, I think the benefits technology offer to improve the quality of life outweigh the deficits. I do not think technology is out of human control and by the exposed in lines above we can easily see how technology helps and improves the quality of human live in the daily routine, Medical advances allow humans to live longer and more healthy lives than ever before and technological advances make the learning more easy. Ultimately, Technology is developed by people to help improve quality of human lives and all of us are using technological advances in many different ways, also to indicate that it is incontrollable.